App‑specific L2 with alternative DA (validium/EigenDA/Celes…

App‑specific L2 with alternative DA (validium/EigenDA/Celestia)
- Capacity: thousands–tens of thousands tps sustained (sequencer‑bounded) since DA isn’t constrained by 4844. You periodically checkpoint to L1.
- Fees: can be ~$0.0001–$0.002 per tx depending on DA price and batch size, plus occasional L1 checkpoints (weekly/daily), which are small amortized.
- Tradeoff: weaker data‑availability trust than posting all data to Ethereum; you rely on the DA layer and your operators.