### 1. Architectural Overhaul: Monolithic vs. Microservices…

### 1. Architectural Overhaul: Monolithic vs. Microservices
Legacy blockchain nodes bundle all tasks—transaction validation, mempool management, block assembly, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networking—into a single software instance. This creates a bottleneck; upgrading capacity requires buying increasingly expensive single-machine hardware (vertical scaling).