3. **Guelphs and Ghibellines**: In the 12th to 15th centuri…

immortancrow ·

3. **Guelphs and Ghibellines**: In the 12th to 15th centuries, the struggle for power between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire led to the formation of two opposing factions in Italy: the Guelphs, who supported the papal side, and the Ghibellines, who supported the imperial side.