2. **Investiture Controversy**: One of the most significant…

2. **Investiture Controversy**: One of the most significant conflicts between the Empire and the Papacy was the Investiture Controversy in the 11th and 12th centuries. This dispute centered on whether the emperor or the pope had the authority to appoint bishops and abbots. It was resolved in part by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which allowed the Church to appoint bishops but granted the emperor a role in the selection process.